--- title: Hepatitis A References date: 2021-01-06T18:14:00-08:00 author: admin canonical_url: "https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/hepatitis-a-references" section: Resource Library --- [Foodborne Illnesses](/foodborne-illnesses) / [Hepatitis A](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a) / # Hepatitis A References 1. Bialek SR, *et al.* (2004). Hepatitis A Incidence and Hepatitis A Vaccination Among American Indians and Alaska Natives, 1990–2001. *Am J Public Health*. 94(6):996-1001. 2. Bownds L, Lindekugel R, Stepak P. (2003). Economic Impact of a Hepatitis A Epidemic in a Mid-Sized Urban Community: The Case of Spokane, Washington. *J Community Health*. 28(4):233-46. 3. Butot S, Putallaz T, Sanchez G. (2008). Effects of sanitation, freezing and frozen storage on enteric viruses in berries and herbs. *Int J Food Microbiol*. 126(1-2):30-5. 4. Calder L, *et al.* (2003). An outbreak of hepatitis associated with consumption of raw blueberries. *Epidemiol Infect.* 131:745-51. 5. “Disease Burden from Viral Hepatitis A, B, and C in the United States.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: [](https://www.cdc.gov/Hepatitis/PDFs/disease_burden.pdf)[https://www.cdc.gov/Hepatitis/...](https://www.cdc.gov/Hepatitis/PDFs/disease_burden.pdf). 6. Daniels D, Grytdal S, Wasley A. (2009). Surveillance for Acute Viral Hepatitis --- United States, 2007. *MMWR Surveill Summ*. 58(SS03):1-27. 7. “Hepatitis A.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 15 Apr. 2019. Available at: [](https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/hepa.html)[https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/p...](https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/hepa.html). 8. “Updated Recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for Use of Hepatitis A Vaccine in Close Contacts of Newly Arriving International Adoptees.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/previ...](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5836a4.htm). 9. “Update: Prevention of Hepatitis A After Exposure to Hepatitis A Virus and in International Travelers. Updated Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP).” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/previ...](https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5641a3.htm). 10. Detry O, De Roover A, Honore P, Meurisse M. (2006). Brain edema and intracranial hypertension in fulminant hepatic failure: Pathophysiology and management. *World J Gastroenterol*. 12(46):7405-12. 11. Feinstone, S. and Gust, I. “Hepatitis A Virus” in Mandell, Douglas, & Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Fifth Edition, Chap. 161, pp. 1920-40 (2000). 12. Fiore A. “Hepatitis A Transmitted by Food.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available at: [](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/PDFs/fiore_ha_transmitted_by_food.pdf)[https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/...](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/PDFs/fiore_ha_transmitted_by_food.pdf). 13. Fiore A, Wasley A, Bell BP. (2006). Prevention of Hepatitis A Through Active or Passive Immunization: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). *MMWR Recomm Rep*. 55(RR07):1-23. 14. Glikson M, *et al.* (1992). Relapsing Hepatitis A Review of 14 Cases and Literature Survey. *Medicine*. 71(1):14-23. 15. Hutin YJF, *et al*. (1999). A Multistate, Foodborne Outbreak of Hepatitis A. *N Engl J Med*. 340:595-602. 16. Jaykus L. (1997). Epidemiology and Detection as Options for Control of Viral and Parasitic Foodborne Disease. *Emerg Infect Dis*. 3(4):529-39. 17. “Hepatitis A.” Mayo Clinic, 6 Mar. 2019. Available at: [https://www.mayoclinic.org/dis...](https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hepatitis-a/symptoms-causes/syc-20367007). 18. Piazza M, *et al*. (1999). Safety and immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in infants: a candidate for inclusion in the childhood vaccination programme. *Vaccine*. 17(6):585-8. 19. Rawls RA, Vega KJ. (2005). Viral hepatitis in minority America. *J Clin Gastroenterol*. 39(2):144-51. 20. Sagliocca L, *et al*. (1999). Efficacy of hepatitis A vaccine in prevention of secondary hepatitis A infection: a randomised trial. *Lancet*. 353(9159):1136-9. 21. Scharff RL, McDowell J, Medeiros L. (2009). Economic cost of foodborne illness in Ohio. *J Food Prot*. 72(1):128-36. 22. Schiff ER. (1992). Atypical clinical manifestations of hepatitis A. *Vaccine*. 10(Suppl 1):S18-20. 23. Taylor RM, *et al*. (2006). Fulminant Hepatitis A Virus Infection in the United States: Incidence, Prognosis, and Outcomes. *Hepatology*. 44(6):1589-97. 24. Todd ECD, *et al*. (2009). Outbreaks where food workers have been implicated in the spread of foodborne disease. Part 6. Transmission and survival of pathogens in the food processing and preparation environment. *J Food Prot*. 72(1):202-19. 25. Wheeler C, *et al*. (2005). An Outbreak of Hepatitis A Associated with Green Onions. *N Engl J Med*. 353:890-7. 26. Willner IR, *et al*. (1998). Serious Hepatitis A: An Analysis of Patients Hospitalized during an Urban Epidemic in the United States. *Ann Intern Med*. 128(2):111-4. 27. “Hepatitis A Questions and Answers for Health Professionals.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 28 Jul. 2020. Available at: [](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hav/havfaq.htm)[https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/...](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/hav/havfaq.htm). 28. “Surveillance for Viral Hepatitis – United States, 2017.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 14 Nov. 2019. Available at: [](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2017surveillance/index.htm)[https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/...](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2017surveillance/index.htm). 29. Klevens RM, Liu S, Roberts H, Jiles RB, Holmberg SD. (2014). Estimating Acute Viral Hepatitis Infections From Nationally Reported Cases. *Am J Public Health*. 104(3):482-7. 30. “Widespread outbreaks of hepatitis A across the United States.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 24 Aug, 2020. Available at: [https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/...](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/outbreaks/2017March-HepatitisA.htm). 31. “Surveillance for Viral Hepatitis – United States, 2016.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 16 Apr. 2018. Available at: [](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2016surveillance/index.htm#tabs-1-9)[https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/...](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2016surveillance/index.htm#tabs-1-9). 32. “Surveillance for Viral Hepatitis – Commentary.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 16 Apr. 2018. Available at: [https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/...](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2016surveillance/commentary.htm). 33. Hofmeister MG, *et al*. (2020). Hepatitis A Hospitalization Costs, United States, 2017. *Emerg Infect Dis*. 26(5) (2020):1040-1. 34. “Multistate outbreak of hepatitis A linked to frozen strawberries – 2016.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2 Nov. 2016. Available at: [](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/outbreaks/2016/hav-strawberries.htm)[https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/...](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/outbreaks/2016/hav-strawberries.htm). 35. “Hepatitis A Outbreaks.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 28 Jul. 2020. Available at: [](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/outbreaks/hepatitisaoutbreaks.htm)[https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/...](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/outbreaks/hepatitisaoutbreaks.htm). 36. Wasley A, Fiore A, Bell BP. (2006). Hepatitis A in the era of vaccination. *Epidemiol Rev*. 28:101-11. 37. Ichai P, Samuel D. (2008). Etiology and prognosis of fulminant hepatitis in adults. *Liver Transplantation*. 14(S2). 38. “Viral Hepatitis Surveillance: United States, 2014.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 26 Sept. 2016. Available at: [](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2014surveillance/pdfs/2014HepSurveillanceRpt_Rev2016-09-26.pdf)[https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/...](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/statistics/2014surveillance/pdfs/2014HepSurveillanceRpt_Rev2016-09-26.pdf). 39. Vento S, *et al*. (1998). Fulminant Hepatitis Associated with Hepatitis A Virus Superinfection in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C. *N Engl J Med*. 338:286-90. 40. Nelson NP, *et al*. (2018). Update: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices for Use of Hepatitis A Vaccine for Postexposure Prophylaxis and for Preexposure Prophylaxis for International Travel. *MMWR*. 67(43):1216-20. 41. Nelson NP, *et al*. (2020). Prevention of Hepatitis A Virus Infection in the United States: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, 2020. *MMWR*. 69(5):1-38. 42. Victor JC, *et al*. (2007). Hepatitis A Vaccine versus Immune Globulin for Postexposure Prophylaxis. *N Engl J Med*. 357:1685-94. 43. Lanini S, Ustianowski A, Pisapia R, Zumla A, Ippolito G. (2019). Viral Hepatitis: Etiology, Epidemiology, Transmission, Diagnostics, Treatment, and Prevention. *Infect Dis Clin North Am*. 33(4):1045-62. 44. “Hepatitis A Differential Diagnoses.” Medscape, 8 May 2019. Available at: [](https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177484-differential)[https://emedicine.medscape.com...](https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/177484-differential). 45. Robinson CL, Bernstein H, Poehling K, Romero JR, Szilagyi P. (2020). Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Children and Adolescents Aged 18 Years or Younger — United States, 2020. *MMWR*. 69(5):130-2. 46. “Hepatitis A Outbreaks in the United States.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 28 Jul. 2020. Available at: [](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/outbreaks/hepatitisaoutbreaks.htm)[https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/...](https://www.cdc.gov/hepatitis/outbreaks/hepatitisaoutbreaks.htm). ### More information about Hepatitis A [May 20, 2023 ###### A quick look at the 2018 Hepatitis A outbreak Litigation proceeded in a Virginia state court against Tropical Smoothie and the strawberry supply chain. 134 people with Hepatitis A were reported from nine states, including: Arkansas (1), California (1) ... ](https://marlerclark.com/news_events/a-quick-look-at-the-2018-hepatitis-a-outbreak) [March 26, 2023 ###### Hepatitis A outbreak linked to strawberries The CDC, state public health and regulatory officials, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration are investigating an outbreak of Hepatitis A linked to frozen organic strawberries imported from certain ... ](https://marlerclark.com/news_events/hepatitis-a-outbreak-linked-to-strawberries) [December 11, 2022 ###### Since 2016, the US has seen 44,760 Hepatitis A cases with 27,327 hospitalizations and 426 deaths According to the CDC, when hearing about hepatitis A, many people think about contaminated food and water. However, in the United States, hepatitis A is more commonly spread from person ... ](https://marlerclark.com/news_events/since-2016-the-us-has-seen-44760-hepatitis-a-cases-with-27327-hospitalizations-and-426-deaths) [December 11, 2022 ###### Famous Anthony’s Hepatitis A case moves towards justice The Roanoke Times reports: The victims of a hepatitis A outbreak at a Roanoke restaurant — which killed four people and sickened more than 40 — were allowed Thursday to ... ](https://marlerclark.com/news_events/famous-anthonys-hepatitis-a-case-moves-towards-justice) [1. View all ](/news_events/outbreaks?illness=hepatitis-a&year=all) ## All Hepatitis A Resources [###### Hepatitis A Food Poisoning ](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/about-hepatitis) [###### The Incidence of Hepatitis A Infection ](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/how-common-is-hepatitis-a-infection) [###### Transmission of Hepatitis A ](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/how-does-hepatitis-a-spread) [###### Symptoms of Hepatitis A Infection ](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/hepatitis-symptoms-risks) [###### Complications of Hepatitis A Infection ](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/hepatitis-complications) [###### Diagnosis of Hepatitis A Infection ](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/hepatitis-diagnosis) [###### Treatment for Hepatitis A Infection ](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/hepatitis-treatment) [###### Real Life Impacts of Hepatitis A Infection ](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/real-life-impacts) [###### Real Life Impacts: The Story of Michael ](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/real-life-impacts-the-story-of-michael) [###### Real Life Impacts: The Story of Ben and Lynn ](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/real-life-impacts-the-story-of-ben-and-lynn) [###### Real Life Impacts: The Story of Richard Miller ](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/real-life-impacts-the-story-of-richard-miller) [###### How to Prevent Hepatitis A Infection ](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/hepatitis-prevention) [###### Outbreaks of Hepatitis A ](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/hepatitis-outbreaks) [###### Hepatitis A References ](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hepatitis-a/hepatitis-a-references) ### Other foodborne illnesses [E. coli](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/e-coli) [Salmonella](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/salmonella) [Listeria](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/listeria) [Reactive Arthritis](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/reactive-arthritis) [Guillain-Barre Syndrome](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/guillain-barre-syndrome) [Irritable Bowel Syndrome](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/irritable-bowel-syndrome) [Norovirus](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/norovirus) [Botulism](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/botulism) [Campylobacter](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/campylobacter) [Shigella](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/shigella) [Cyclospora](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/cyclospora) [Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome](https://marlerclark.com/foodborne-illnesses/hemolytic-uremic-syndrome)